GSCE

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences

Physics Combined Sciences

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom1: Matter

Matter

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom2: Forces

Forces

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom3: Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity and Magnetism

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom4: Waves and Radioactivity 

Waves and Radioactivity 

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom5: Energy

Energy

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom6: Global Challenges 

Global Challenges 

GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences

GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom1: Matter

GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom2: Forces

GSCE - AQA - Maths

Maths

GSCE - AQA - Maths - M1: HCF and LCM

HCF and LCM

GSCE - AQA - Maths - M2: Equation of Straight Line

Equation of Straight Line

GSCE - OCR - Physics

Physics

GSCE - Edexcel - Physics

GSCE - AQA - Physics

GSCE - OCR - Maths

GSCE - Edexcel - Maths

GSCE - OCR - Biology

Biology

GSCE - OCR - Chemistry

Chemistry

GSCE - AQA - Biology

GSCE - AQA - Chemistry

GSCE - AQA - English Literature

English Literature

GSCE - AQA - Business

Business

GSCE - AQA - Psychology

Psychology

GSCE - AQA - Computer Science

Computer Science

GSCE - AQA - Economics

Economics

GSCE - AQA - Further Maths

Further Maths

GSCE - AQA - Geography

Geography

GSCE - AQA - History

History

GSCE - AQA - Religious Studies

Religious Studies

GSCE - AQA - Sociology

Sociology

GSCE - AQA - Physical Education

Physical Education

GSCE - AQA - Drama

Drama

GSCE - AQA - English Language

English Language

GSCE - AQA - Spanish

Spanish

GSCE - OCR - Business

GSCE - OCR - Computer Science

GSCE - OCR - Economics

GSCE - OCR - English Language

GSCE - OCR - English Literature

GSCE - OCR - Geography

GSCE - OCR - History

GSCE - OCR - Physical Education

GSCE - OCR - Psychology

GSCE - OCR - Religious Studies

A-Level

A-Level - OCR - Math

Math

A-Level - AQA - Physics

A-Level - AQA - Physics - P6: Further mechanics and Thermal Physics

Further mechanics and Thermal Physics

A-Level - OCR - Physics

A-Level - OCR - Physics - P5: Newtonian world and astrophysics

Newtonian world and astrophysics

A-Level - AQA - Biology

A-Level - AQA - Chemistry

A-Level - AQA - Maths

A-Level - AQA - Psychology

A-Level - AQA - Business

A-Level - AQA - Computer Science

A-Level - AQA - Economics

A-Level - AQA - English Language

A-Level - AQA - English Literature

A-Level - AQA - Further Maths

A-Level - AQA - Geography

A-Level - AQA - History

A-Level - AQA - Religious Studies

A-Level - AQA - Sociology

A-Level - AQA - Physical Education

A-Level - AQA - Politics

Politics

A-Level - OCR - Biology

A-Level - OCR - Business

A-Level - OCR - Chemistry

A-Level - OCR - Computer Science

A-Level - OCR - Economics

A-Level - OCR - English Language

AS-Level

AS-Level - Edexcel - Maths

AS-Level - Edexcel - Maths - M1: Integration

Integration

AS-Level - Edexcel - Maths - M3: Differentiation 

Differentiation 

AS-Level - Edexcel - Physics

AS-Level - Edexcel - Physics - P1: Circular Motion

Circular Motion

AS-Level - AQA - Physics

AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P2: Particles and radiation

Particles and radiation

AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P3: Waves

Waves

AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P4: Mechanics and materials

Mechanics and materials

AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P1: Measurements and their errors

Measurements and their errors

AS-Level - OCR - Maths

AS-Level - AQA - Biology

AS-Level - AQA - Maths

AS-Level - AQA - Psychology

AS-Level - AQA - Business

AS-Level - AQA - Chemistry

AS-Level - AQA - Computer Science

AS-Level - AQA - Economics

AS-Level - AQA - English Language

AS-Level - AQA - English Literature

AS-Level - AQA - Further Maths

AS-Level - AQA - Geography

AS-Level - AQA - History

AS-Level - AQA - Sociology

AS-Level - OCR - Physics

AS-Level - OCR - Biology

AS-Level - OCR - Business

AS-Level - OCR - Chemistry

AS-Level - OCR - Computer Science

AS-Level - OCR - Economics

AS-Level - OCR - English Language

AS-Level - OCR - English Literature

AS-Level - OCR - Further Maths

AS-Level - OCR - Geography

AS-Level - OCR - History

AS-Level - OCR - Psychology

AS-Level - OCR - Sociology

IGSCE

IGSCE - Edexcel - Maths

IGSCE - Edexcel - Physics

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GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom1: Matter - Pcom1.1 The Particle Model

<h3>P1-1-1 Structure of an atom</h3>Plum Pudding model:In 1897 J.J. Thompson discovered the electron is much lighter than the atom, and hence realised the atom is not the smallest particle. So he proposed the Plum Pudding model:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/P1_1a_Plum_pudding_atom_svg_99b0e23a89.png" alt="P1.1a Plum_pudding_atom.svg.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>&nbsp;The pudding is positive, and the plums in it are negative!&nbsp;JJ Thompson did not think of neutrons!&nbsp;Nuclear Model (Rutherford Model):&nbsp;In 1909 Geiger and Marsden fired some alpha particles towards a thin sheet of gold (alpha particle is made of two protons and two neutrons, so it has a positive charge!).Because they thought material is made of atoms that are like a plum pudding and hence it is soft like a pudding, they expected all of the alpha particles to pass through the metal sheet. But they saw some alpha particles bounce back! So their supervisor, Ernest Rutherford, said there is a positive nucleus at the centre of the atom which repels the positive alpha particles. He said electrons randomly orbit around the nucleus.&nbsp;

The Particle Model

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GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom2: Forces - Pcom2.1 Motion

<h3>P2.1-1 Speed</h3>P2.1b<img src="file:///C:\Users\pedro\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png">&nbsp;P2.1aDevices used to measure distance: tape measure, metre rule, light gates, ticker tape machine, odometer of a car, GPSHow to measure time: stopwatch, data-logger connected to light gatesP2.1cConvert units of speed:Example 1: a car is moving with a speed of 12 m/s. calculate its speed in km/h.&nbsp;P2.1d<h3>P2.1-2 Scalar and Vector:</h3>&nbsp;

Motion

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GSCE - AQA - Maths - M1: HCF and LCM - M1.1 Highest Common Factor

<h3>HCF</h3>Write both numbers in terms of their prime factors.For HCF we choose the common factors with lowest powers.Example:<img src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/HCF_f3168463fe.jpg" alt="HCF.jpg"><h3>LCM</h3>We choose all the common and uncommon factors, but for common factors, we chose the highest powers!<img src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/LCM_2532a7b674.jpg" alt="LCM.jpg">

Highest Common Factor

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GSCE - AQA - Maths - M2: Equation of Straight Line - M2.1 Gradient

Gradient or Rate of Change!It is always important to know how fast some thing changes!&nbsp;&nbsp;gradient: m = rise/runm = ∆y/ ∆x<img src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/Straight_line_graph_c13137f354.png" alt="Straight_line_graph.png">

Gradient

GSCE - AQA - Maths - M2: Equation of Straight Line - M2.2 Parallel Lines

Two lines are parallel if they have the same gradient:m1 = m2&nbsp;<h3>Perpendicular Lines</h3>Two lines are perpendicular if their gradient are negative reciprocal of each other:For example if gradient of one of the lines is 3, gradient of the perpendicular line is -1/3

Parallel Lines

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AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P2: Particles and radiation - P2.1 Particles

<h3>2.1.1 Some definitions:</h3>&nbsp;Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and electrons are in the nucleus of the atom and electrons orbit the nucleus.&nbsp;Nucleon: term used for protons and neutrons.&nbsp;&nbsp;In a neutral atom number of protons equals the number of electrons.Ion: when an atom loses (positive&nbsp;ion) or gains&nbsp;(negative&nbsp;ion) electrons.&nbsp;Isotope: atom of an element with different number of neutrons, but same number of protons.Specific charge =&nbsp;<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="135" height="36">&nbsp;; unit: C/kgAtomic Mass Unit (u): 1/12 of mass of an atom of carbon-12 (<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABwAAAAYCAIAAABm/grVAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAASdAAAEnQB3mYfeAAAAV5JREFUSEu1VMt1xCAMxKllN4d9qQD3g48pJBdvCbnuPbiDrSCnQC9EEuBI/gDet9GJB2KQhhl1IQT17Hh5NiDicVA/DX03TPwZT3sxenlUqgbah3Cj0cYYrZSxcYfCGqVH6zABlrDGZT0UT3GjlqDsEM9aQVs59V83NX6+n2TTfroOfaYHCAKGPGa0VAq9a0FLogzYyvREflKfdVDoewMR6V6QDDvpZQ5Kjxn5GbxGa+Zy15C84wSK38Ai/wjdZZFBWatbWhDt18UyK22hPXnzEdBKnSG0Sopx4H++4Ysu531L1UHBqKDFfriSAtuiyCMKNPlUmnfLzn8WLnG669pIatKes6gc4eACKLndwKShkPrFATQzsTrdByXpgpccBlWzduoOd4VKae5loo4MqZKkzhd9v33EsQND6q7eXhdDalcKpd/Hz08XkYdWw4UOMtu0dyCrLv4DYDn1X0B/AUU6/eyG5qKlAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="28" height="24">). So “u” of carbon-12 is 12!Mass of a proton ≈ mass of a neutron ≈ 1 u (≈ : almost equal)&nbsp;The “atomic mass unit” of all nuclei ≈ nucleon number.Nuclei: plural of nucleus!&nbsp;Fundamental Forces:<ol><li>Electromagnetic force: keeps electrons in orbit, intermolecular bonds, repulsion or attraction between charged particles, friction, drag, tension in a rope are all electromagnetic too, it has infinite range;</li><li>Gravity: attractive force between all masses, infinite range;</li><li>Strong nuclear force: holds nucleons in a nucleus together, attractive from 3 fm to 0.5 fm; repulsive below 0.5 fm;</li><li>Weak nuclear force: affects all particles, range of order 10-18 m, responsible for nuclear reactions.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;Strong nuclear force: force that holds protons together, otherwise the protons would repel each other because of the electrostatic force.It is attractive from 3 fm to 0.5 fmIt is repulsive below 0.5 fm. (f: femto = 10-15), otherwise protons would crush into each other.Strong nuclear force acts between any two nucleons.&nbsp;Electron-volt (eV): small unit of energy used in nuclear physics instead of Jules.1 eV = energy needed to move an electron in PD of 1 volt.&nbsp;Radiation:Elements such as uranium, thorium, and radium have unstable nuclei and emit radiation.&nbsp;Radiation:<ol><li>Alpha (α): 2 protons + 2 neutrons short range in air (few of cm), can be stopped with a paper, highly ionising, happens in a nucleus with too many protons &amp; neutrons;</li><li>Beta minus (β-): an electron, range of several meters in air, can pass through paper or think plastic, happens when a neutron&nbsp;in the nucleus changes to a proton&nbsp;and electron, then the electron is emitted at high speed;&nbsp;</li><li>Beta plus (β+):&nbsp;anti particle of electron, called positron. Happens&nbsp;when a proton&nbsp;in the nucleus changes to a neutron&nbsp;and positron, then the positron is emitted at high speed;</li><li>Gamma (γ): electromagnetic radiation (photon), no charge, no mass, highly penetrative, ionising power less than that of alpha and beta. A photon is produced when&nbsp;a charged particle loses energy such as an electron falling to lower energy orbit (closer to the nucleus).</li><li>Neutron:&nbsp;itself can be emitted from a neutron rich nucleus. It is highly ionising too!</li></ol>

Particles

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AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P3: Waves - P3.3 Progressive and Stationary Waves

Wave is a transfer of energy, not matter!And that is true for progressive waves! Because they actually move from one point to another. For example water wave!But stationary waves are trapped between two points and the energy only goes back and forth between those two points! For example a guitar string vibrating. Or the sound wave in a flute.&nbsp;&nbsp;We have two types of progressive waves: transverse and longitudinal&nbsp;Transverse waves: the direction of oscillation of particles is perpendicular to the direction of the energy transfer.&nbsp;Longitudinal waves: the direction of oscillation of particles is parallel to the energy transfer.&nbsp;

Progressive and Stationary Waves

AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P3: Waves - P3.2 Refraction, diffraction and interference

Refraction happens when waves goes through a different medium.&nbsp;Diffraction is when it travels through a narrow slit.&nbsp;Interference is when two waves superpose each other.&nbsp;

Refraction, diffraction and interference

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GSCE - Physics Combined Sciences - AQA