AS-Level

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Maths

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Integration

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Differentiation 

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Physics

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Circular Motion

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Particles and radiation

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Waves

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Mechanics and materials

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Measurements and their errors

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Biology

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Psychology

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Business

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Chemistry

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Computer Science

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Economics

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English Language

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English Literature

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Further Maths

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Geography

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History

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Sociology

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English Language and Literature

A-Level

A-Level - OCR - Math

Math

A-Level - AQA - Physics

A-Level - AQA - Physics - P6: Further mechanics and Thermal Physics

Further mechanics and Thermal Physics

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Newtonian world and astrophysics

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Religious Studies

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Physical Education

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Politics

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GSCE

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences

Physics Combined Sciences

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom1: Matter

Matter

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom2: Forces

Forces

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom3: Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity and Magnetism

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom4: Waves and Radioactivity 

Waves and Radioactivity 

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom5: Energy

Energy

GSCE - OCR - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom6: Global Challenges 

Global Challenges 

GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences

GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom1: Matter

GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom2: Forces

GSCE - AQA - Maths

GSCE - AQA - Maths - M1: HCF and LCM

HCF and LCM

GSCE - AQA - Maths - M2: Equation of Straight Line

Equation of Straight Line

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GSCE - Edexcel - Maths

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Drama

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Spanish

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IGSCE

IGSCE - Edexcel - Maths

IGSCE - Edexcel - Physics

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GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom1: Matter - Pcom1.1 The Particle Model

<h3>P1-1-1 Structure of an atom</h3>Plum Pudding model:In 1897 J.J. Thompson discovered the electron is much lighter than the atom, and hence realised the atom is not the smallest particle. So he proposed the Plum Pudding model:<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:400/400;" src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/P1_1a_Plum_pudding_atom_svg_99b0e23a89.png" alt="P1.1a Plum_pudding_atom.svg.png" width="400" height="400"></figure>&nbsp;The pudding is positive, and the plums in it are negative!&nbsp;JJ Thompson did not think of neutrons!&nbsp;Nuclear Model (Rutherford Model):&nbsp;In 1909 Geiger and Marsden fired some alpha particles towards a thin sheet of gold (alpha particle is made of two protons and two neutrons, so it has a positive charge!).Because they thought material is made of atoms that are like a plum pudding and hence it is soft like a pudding, they expected all of the alpha particles to pass through the metal sheet. But they saw some alpha particles bounce back! So their supervisor, Ernest Rutherford, said there is a positive nucleus at the centre of the atom which repels the positive alpha particles. He said electrons randomly orbit around the nucleus.&nbsp;

The Particle Model

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GSCE - AQA - Physics Combined Sciences - Pcom2: Forces - Pcom2.1 Motion

<h3>P2.1-1 Speed</h3>P2.1b<img src="file:///C:\Users\pedro\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png">&nbsp;P2.1aDevices used to measure distance: tape measure, metre rule, light gates, ticker tape machine, odometer of a car, GPSHow to measure time: stopwatch, data-logger connected to light gatesP2.1cConvert units of speed:Example 1: a car is moving with a speed of 12 m/s. calculate its speed in km/h.&nbsp;P2.1d<h3>P2.1-2 Scalar and Vector:</h3>&nbsp;

Motion

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GSCE - AQA - Maths - M1: HCF and LCM - M1.1 Highest Common Factor

<h3>HCF</h3>Write both numbers in terms of their prime factors.For HCF we choose the common factors with lowest powers.Example:<img src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/HCF_f3168463fe.jpg" alt="HCF.jpg"><h3>LCM</h3>We choose all the common and uncommon factors, but for common factors, we chose the highest powers!<img src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/LCM_2532a7b674.jpg" alt="LCM.jpg">

Highest Common Factor

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Straight_line_graph.png

GSCE - AQA - Maths - M2: Equation of Straight Line - M2.1 Gradient

Gradient or Rate of Change!It is always important to know how fast some thing changes!&nbsp;&nbsp;gradient: m = rise/runm = ∆y/ ∆x<img src="https://effortless-creativity-dd2bae31d9.media.strapiapp.com/Straight_line_graph_c13137f354.png" alt="Straight_line_graph.png">

Gradient

GSCE - AQA - Maths - M2: Equation of Straight Line - M2.2 Parallel Lines

Two lines are parallel if they have the same gradient:m1 = m2&nbsp;<h3>Perpendicular Lines</h3>Two lines are perpendicular if their gradient are negative reciprocal of each other:For example if gradient of one of the lines is 3, gradient of the perpendicular line is -1/3

Parallel Lines

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AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P1: Measurements and their errors - P1.1 Use of SI units and their prefixes

Basic SI Units:mass kglength mtime s&nbsp;current Atemperature KGiga 109Mega 106Kilo 103deci 10-1centi 10-2mili 10-3micro 10-6nano 10-9&nbsp;

Use of SI units and their prefixes

AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P1: Measurements and their errors - P1.2 Limitation of physical measurements

Random errors are those human make. By taking an average of the measurements or readings we can reduce their effect on results.&nbsp;Systematic errors are because of a faulty device and show up in every single measurement or reading. They cannot be averaged out.

Limitation of physical measurements

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AS-Level - AQA - Physics - P2: Particles and radiation - P2.1 Particles

<h3>2.1.1 Some definitions:</h3>&nbsp;Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and electrons are in the nucleus of the atom and electrons orbit the nucleus.&nbsp;Nucleon: term used for protons and neutrons.&nbsp;&nbsp;In a neutral atom number of protons equals the number of electrons.Ion: when an atom loses (positive&nbsp;ion) or gains&nbsp;(negative&nbsp;ion) electrons.&nbsp;Isotope: atom of an element with different number of neutrons, but same number of protons.Specific charge =&nbsp;<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="135" height="36">&nbsp;; unit: C/kgAtomic Mass Unit (u): 1/12 of mass of an atom of carbon-12 (<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="28" height="24">). So “u” of carbon-12 is 12!Mass of a proton ≈ mass of a neutron ≈ 1 u (≈ : almost equal)&nbsp;The “atomic mass unit” of all nuclei ≈ nucleon number.Nuclei: plural of nucleus!&nbsp;Fundamental Forces:<ol><li>Electromagnetic force: keeps electrons in orbit, intermolecular bonds, repulsion or attraction between charged particles, friction, drag, tension in a rope are all electromagnetic too, it has infinite range;</li><li>Gravity: attractive force between all masses, infinite range;</li><li>Strong nuclear force: holds nucleons in a nucleus together, attractive from 3 fm to 0.5 fm; repulsive below 0.5 fm;</li><li>Weak nuclear force: affects all particles, range of order 10-18 m, responsible for nuclear reactions.&nbsp;</li></ol>&nbsp;Strong nuclear force: force that holds protons together, otherwise the protons would repel each other because of the electrostatic force.It is attractive from 3 fm to 0.5 fmIt is repulsive below 0.5 fm. (f: femto = 10-15), otherwise protons would crush into each other.Strong nuclear force acts between any two nucleons.&nbsp;Electron-volt (eV): small unit of energy used in nuclear physics instead of Jules.1 eV = energy needed to move an electron in PD of 1 volt.&nbsp;Radiation:Elements such as uranium, thorium, and radium have unstable nuclei and emit radiation.&nbsp;Radiation:<ol><li>Alpha (α): 2 protons + 2 neutrons short range in air (few of cm), can be stopped with a paper, highly ionising, happens in a nucleus with too many protons &amp; neutrons;</li><li>Beta minus (β-): an electron, range of several meters in air, can pass through paper or think plastic, happens when a neutron&nbsp;in the nucleus changes to a proton&nbsp;and electron, then the electron is emitted at high speed;&nbsp;</li><li>Beta plus (β+):&nbsp;anti particle of electron, called positron. Happens&nbsp;when a proton&nbsp;in the nucleus changes to a neutron&nbsp;and positron, then the positron is emitted at high speed;</li><li>Gamma (γ): electromagnetic radiation (photon), no charge, no mass, highly penetrative, ionising power less than that of alpha and beta. A photon is produced when&nbsp;a charged particle loses energy such as an electron falling to lower energy orbit (closer to the nucleus).</li><li>Neutron:&nbsp;itself can be emitted from a neutron rich nucleus. It is highly ionising too!</li></ol>

Particles

AS-Level - Physics - AQA